RCES - URBAN FUTURES & POLICY

RCES

sustainable development

Regional/Local Circulating and Ecological Sphere (R/L-CES) the concept for advancing resilient development in South Asia and Southeast Asia Case Study of Udon Thani.

year 2020-2021

āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļšāļ—āļšāļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļŦāļĄāļļāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĩāļĒāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ• āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļēāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļšāļ—
āļ›āļĩ āļž.āļĻ.2564 - 2565
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(āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ āļēāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļāļĢāļļāļ“āļēāđ€āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļĨāļ‡)
This project aims for addressing sustainability challenges that integrate social, environmental and economic considerations within a city-region. This approach, known as the Regional/Local Circulating and Ecological Sphere (R/L-CES) encompasses spatial integration of urban/peri-urban/rural interdependencies to address complex sustainability challenges related to, for example, climate change mitigation and adaptation, ecosystem services, and green development within a city-region. It is designed to maximize the unique strengths of urban-rural linkages in all regions through sustainable, equitable and efficient use of natural capital in rural environments (mountainous, wetlands, agricultural and fishing villages) combined with productive capital in cities in an integrated manner, leading to synergistic relationships with each other toward a sustainable and resilient regional sphere.

The concept, which is coupled with a questionnaire, is the first step in initiating an R/L-CES platform for universities and city partners in South Asia and Southeast Asia. This effort is being carried out through a partnership between the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, START International, Thammasat University, and the Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology.
A key aspect of fostering the Regional-CES is creating a framework of continuous iterative cycles between scientific evidence-based knowledge generation, regional knowledge sharing, capacity building of key actors, and co-design of solutions. Enabling such a process requires a multi-city effort built around a platform of reflective learning. The Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) and START International, together with Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand, and the Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology in Nagpur, India, have initiated a joint effort to engage university and local government partners in developing a platform for Regional-CES in South Asia and Southeast Asia
The platform will involve universities working with cities to co-develop research plans and priorities that incorporate and adapt vital elements of the Regional-CES framework shaped by the context of specific local needs and priorities. The South Asia and Southeast Asia efforts will involve a combination of research, policy engagement, and capacity development, the exact contours of which will be developed in collaboration with city/university partners in the platform.
The objectives of the research are included:

1. To understand urban-rural relationship/dependency at the socio-economic level, natural resources management and collective resilience.

2. Capacity building and strengthening the related stakeholder in all sectors for the sustainability of urban, peri-urban and rural areas

3. Managing an efficient use of water, food and natural resources in the area

4. Integrating diverse knowledge around social, cultural, economic and environmental/ecological dimensions
This project was initiated to achieve sustainable resource management and maximize the unique strengths of urban-peri urban-rural linkages in the Udon Thani City Region. It follows the Regional/Local Circular and Ecological Sphere (Regional-CES) framework. To achieve the objectives, a combination of primary and secondary data collections were employed. This research employed two primary data collection techniques, they are household survey and stakeholder consultation workshop. The secondary data for this research were collected using the ecosystem services (ES) modeling and spatial characterization of ES Supply and Demand Spatial Analysis. There information was used to identify the ecosystem capacity assessment, local food demand and supply, food production and consumption, as well as water yield and domestic consumption.
Udon Thani land-use map with study area zoning.

(āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ āļēāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĒ)
āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģ Regional/Local Circulating and Ecological Sphere (Regional/Local-CES) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļšāļ—āļšāļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļŦāļĄāļļāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĩāļĒāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ• āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļēāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļšāļ— āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļˆāļēāļ IGES: The Institute of Global Environmental Strategies, Japan, START International, Inc. USA, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology in Nagpur, India āđāļĨāļ° Thammasat University Research Unit in Urban Futures & Policy āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļĨāļīāļāļŸāļ·āđ‰āļ™/āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļĢāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ

āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡ (urban resilience) āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļĄāļīāļ•āļī āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ™āļīāđ€āļ§āļĻ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ­āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļ‰āļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļ•āđ‰ (South and Southeast Asian) āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ€āļœāļŠāļīāļāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļēāļ—āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” COVID 19 āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŸāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļŸāļđ āļ”āļđāđāļĨāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļžāļĄāļēāļ°āđāļāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĩāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ

āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ” CES āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļšāļ—āļšāļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļŦāļĄāļļāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĩāļĒāļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļšāļ— āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļšāļ—āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™ āļ­āļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĄāļļāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĩāļĒāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ™āđ‰āļģ āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ”āļīāļšāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ• āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒ āļĄāļĨāļžāļīāļĐāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļšāļ—āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļĢāļāļąāļšāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āđˆāļēāļĄāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ āļąāļĒāļžāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āļĢāļēāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāđˆāļ­āļĒāļĄāļĨāļžāļīāļĐāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļĄāļļāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĩāļĒāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ” CES āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ–āļđāļāļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđƒāļ™āđāļœāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļĢāļĨāļļāļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ (SDGs)

āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ:

1. āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļļāļāļ āļēāļ„āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļšāļ—āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ

2. āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž

3. āļāļēāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĨāļ§āļąāļ•āļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļšāļ— (resilience and sustainability)

4. āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻ (adaptation to climate change)

Research Team

Dr.Bijon Kumer Mitra (āļ”āļĢ.āļšāļīāđ‚āļˆāļŦāđŒ āļ„āļđāđ€āļĄāļ­āļĢāđŒ āļĄāļīāļ•āļĢāļē)

Deputy Director, Water Resource Specialist. Natural Resources and Ecosystem Service Group. (IGES), Japan.

Dr.Rajarshi DasGupta (āļ”āļĢ. āļĢāļēāļˆāļēāļŦāđŒāļŠāļīāļŦāđŒ āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļāļļāļ›āļ•āļēāļŦāđŒ)

Senior Landscape Ecology and Planning Specialist, Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services. (IGES), Japan.

Assoc.Prof. Wijitbusaba Marome (āļĢāļĻ.āļ”āļĢ. āļ§āļīāļˆāļīāļ•āļĢāļšāļļāļĐāļšāļē āļĄāļēāļĢāļĄāļĒāđŒ)

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University

Pimnara Rodkul (āļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāļ™āļĢāļē āļĢāļ­āļ”āļāļļāļĨ)

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University

Research Fund

publication